O conceito emergente de "democratic backsliding": lições para a américa latina a partir de uma nova categoria de investigação democrática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17808/des.0.1607Palavras-chave:
democracia, democratic backsliding, política, América Latina, Direito InternacionalResumo
Resumo:
O artigo propõe-se a explorar um conceito que ganhou relevância nos últimos anos na literatura sobre as tendências democráticas globais: o "democratic backsliding". Para tanto, parte-se da tentativa de Nancy Bermeo de identificar as manifestações características do backsliding em exemplos históricos, sistematizando lições a respeito da conceituação do fenômeno e de como ele se relaciona com outras formas de retrocesso ou regressão democrática. Adiante, mapeia-se a bibliografia crescente sobre o tema, tendo como norte a evidenciação dos limites à sua importação acrítica, mas também horizontes possíveis de aplicabilidade. Na terceira parte, o artigo volta-se à realidade latino-americana e destaca a importância de diferenciar mutações naturais à política de expressões de democratic backsliding. Finalmente, conclui-se que, se cada democracia possui processos de falência e consolidação próprios, sem olvidar a influência que eventos de escala regional ou global exercem sobre elas, cada crise merece uma análise desnaturalizada, individual e multinível; nesta tarefa, o conceito de democratic backsliding é particularmente útil, desde que não faça perder de vista a necessidade histórica que a democracia tem de um espaço político para transformar-se e amadurecer.
Palavras-chave: democracia, democratic backsliding, política, América Latina, Direito Internacional.
Abstract: The article aims to explore a concept that has gained relevance in recent years in the literature on global democratic trends: the "democratic backsliding". To do so, it starts from Nancy Bermeo's attempt to identify the characteristic manifestations of backsliding in historical examples, systematizing lessons about the concept of the phenomenon and how it relates to other forms of democratic regression. Then, the growing bibliography on the subject is mapped, with the aim to highlight the limits to its uncritical import, but also possible horizons of applicability. In the third part, the article turns its attention to the Latin American reality and highlights the importance of differentiating natural mutations in politics from expressions of democratic backsliding. In the end, it is concluded that, if each democracy has its own failure and consolidation processes, without forgetting the influence that events of a regional or global scale exert on them, each crisis deserves a denaturalized, individual and multilevel analysis; in this task, the concept of democratic backsliding is particularly useful, as long as it does not lose sight of the historical need that democracy has for a political space to transform and mature.
Keywords: democracy, democratic backsliding, politics, Latin America, International Law.
Referências
ABU-EL-HAJ, Jawdat. Robert Dahl (1915-2014): poder político, liberalização e contestação nas democracias. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, nº 13, Brasília, pp. 7-17, jan./abr. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-33522014000100001.
ACUNHA, Fernando José Gonçalves. Constitucionalismo, autoritarismo e democracia na América Latina: as recentes Constituições da Bolívia e do Equador e a persistência das tradições do constitucionalismo latino-americano. Tese (Doutorado em Direito) - Universidade de Brasília. Brasília. 226f. 2017.
AKYUZ, Kadir; HESS, Steve. Turkey Looks East: International Leverage and Democratic Backsliding in a Hybrid Regime. Mediterranean Quarterly, Durham, n. 29, pp. 1-26, jun. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1215/10474552-6898075.
ALBERT, Richard; PAL, Michael. The Democratic Resilience of the Canadian Constitution. In: GRAHER, Mark A.; LEVINSON, Sanford; TUSHNET, Mark. (Ed.). Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3089941.
ALBUQUERQUE, Armando; CECATO, Maria Áurea B. Democracias eleitorais e cidadania na América Latina: uma análise empírica a partir do relatório Freedom in the World 2016. Revista Jurídica, Curitiba, v. 03, n. 44, pp. 182-206, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21902/revistajur.2316-753X.v3i44.1743.
ANDERSEN, David. Comparative Democratization and Democratic Backsliding: The Case for a Historical-Institutional Approach. Comparative Politics, Nova Iorque, n. 51, pp. 645-663, jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041519x15647434970117.
BADAWAY, Adam; DEB, Ashok; LUCERI, Luca; FERRARA, Emilio. Perils and Challenges of Social Media and Election Manipulation Analysis: The 2018 US Midterms. Companion proceedings of the 2019 world wide web conference, p. 237-247, mai. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/1122445.1122456.
BAKKE, Elisabeth; SITTER, Nick. Democratic Backsliding in the European Union. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Oxford, ago. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1476.
BALLESTRIN, Luciana. Colonialidade e Democracia. Revista Estudos Políticos: a publicação eletrônica semestral do Laboratório de Estudos Hum(e)anos (UFF) e do Núcleo de Estudos em Teoria Política (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, vol. 5, n.1, pp. 191- 209, dezembro 2014. Disponível em: http://revistaestudospoliticos.com/. Acesso em: 04 jul. 2021.
BARBOSA, Gil Moreira. A transição democrática em Cabo Verde: o caso do poder local. Tese (Mestrado) - Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Lisboa. 80f. 2020.
BATORY, Agnes; KRIZSAN, Andrea; KOSTKA, Joanna; SITTER, Nick; ZENTAI, Violetta. Mapping Backsliding in the European Union. CEU Center for Policy Studies, Budapeste, pp. 1-53, 2016.
BEAULIEU, Emily; HYDE, Susan. In the Shadow of Democracy Promotion: Strategic Manipulation, International Observers, and Election Boycotts. Comparative Political Studies, [SI.I], v. 42, n. 3, p. 392-415, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008325571.
BERMEO, Nancy. On Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy, Washington, n. 27, pp. 5-19, jan. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2016.0012.
BERTEN, A. Despolitização, desmotivação, legitimidade. Logeion: Filosofia da Informação, [S.I.], v. 3, n. 2, pp. 38-59, 2017. Disponível em: http://revista.ibict.br/fiinf/article/view/3828. Acesso em: 5 jul. 2021.
BLAUBERGER, Michael; KELEMEN, Daniel R. Can courts rescue national democracy? Judicial safeguards against democratic backsliding in the EU. Journal of European Public Policy, [S.I.], pp. 321-336, set. 2016a. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1229357.
BLAUBERGER, Michael; KELEMEN, Daniel R. Introducing the debate: European Union safeguards against member states democratic backsliding. Journal of European Public Policy, [S.I.], v. 24, n. 3, pp. 317-320, set. 2016b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1229356.
BRUSIS, Martin. Conditions and Consequences of Populism and Democratic Backsliding. International IDEA Background Paper, 2019. https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2019.31
CAMERON, Maxwell. Self-Coups: Peru, Guatemala, and Russia. Journal of Democracy, Washington, n. 9, pp. 125-139, jan. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1998.0003.
CAROTHERS, Thomas. The Rise of Election Monitoring: The Observers Observed. Journal of Democracy, Washington, n. 8, pp. 17-31, jan. 1997. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1997.0037.
CAROTHERS, Thomas. The End of The Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy, Washington, n. 13, pp. 5-21, jan. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2002.0003.
CATTERBERG, Gabriela; MORENO, Alejandro. The Individual Bases of Political Trust: Trends in New and Established Democracies. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Oxford, n. 18, pp. 31-48, ago. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edh081.
CAVALCANTE, Pedro. CARVALHO, Paulo. Profissionalização da burocracia federal brasileira (1995-2014): avanços e dilemas. Revista de Administração Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 51, n. 1, pp. 1-26, 20 fev. 2017. Disponível em: https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/view/65935. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2021.
CIANETTI, Licia; DAWSON, James; HANLEY, Sean. Rethinking "democratic backsliding" in Central and Eastern Europe - looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, [S.I.], n. 34, pp. 243-256, jul. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401.
CIANETTI, Licia; HANLEY, Sean. The End of the Backsliding Paradigm? Avoiding Reverse 'Transitology' in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Democracy, [S.I.], vol. 32, n. 1, pp. 66-80, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33774/apsa-2020-3n7n2.
CORRALES, Javier. Democratic backsliding through electoral irregularities: The case of Venezuela. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Amsterdam, v. 109, pp. 41-65, 2020. http://doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.10598.
CROISSANT, Aurel. Beating Backsliding? Episodes and Outcomes of Democratic Backsliding in Asia-Pacific in the Period 1950 to 2018. Heidelberg University, dez. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/politikwissenschaften/personal/croissant/croissant_en.html. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2020.
CROISSANT, Aurel; DIAMOND, Larry. Introduction: Reflections on Democratic Backsliding in Asia. Global Asia, Seul, v. 15, n. 1, mar. 2020.
DAHL, Robert. A Democracia e Seus Críticos. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2012.
DE LA MORA, Gonzalo F. Condicionamentos para la democracia. Journal of Political Science¸ Santiago, n. 8, pp. 199-205, dez. 1985. Disponível em: https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/RP/article/view/55479/58429. Acesso em: 05 jul. 2021.
DIAMOND, Larry J. Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy, Washington, n. 13, pp. 21-35, jan. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2002.0025.
DOBRY, M. Les voies incertaines de la transitologie: choix stratégiques, séquences historiques, bifurcations et processus de path dependence. Revue Française de Science Politique, Paris, v. 50, n. 4-5, pp. 585-614, ago./out. 2000.
ESPINAL, Rosario. El proceso democrático en República Dominicana: avances, retrocesos y riesgos. In: PÉREZ, Robinson S.; FORERO, Eduardo A. S.; ALMAZÁN, Dorangélica de la R. A. (coord.). Democracias em riesgo en América Latina. Editorial Libros en Red: Mexico, 2003.
FICO, Carlos. Ditadura e democracia na América Latina: balanço histórico e perspectivas. 1 ed. Rio de Janeiro: FGV Editora, 2008.
FREEDOM HOUSE. Freedom in the World - Thailand. FREEDOM HOUSE, Washington, 2020. Disponível em: https://freedomhouse.org/country/thailand/freedom-world/2020. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2020.
GIBLER, Douglas M.; RANDAZZO, Kirk A. Testing the Effects of Independent Judiciaries on the Likelihood of Democratic Backsliding. American Journal of Political Science, Bloomington, v. 55, n. 3, pp. 696-709, jul. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00504.x.
GRAHAM, Lawrence. Civil service reform in Brazil: principles versus practice. Austin: University of Texas, 1968.
GRESKOVITS, Béla. The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East Central Europe. Global Policy, Durhamn, v. 6, n. 1, pp. 28-37, jun. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12225.
GRÖMPING, Max; COMA, Ferran Martinez. Electoral Integrity in Africa. Electoral Integrity Project, [S.I.], jun. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.electoralintegrityproject.com/electoral-integrity-in-africa. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2020.
GROSFOGUEL, Ramon. Para descolonizar os estudos de economia política e os estudos pós-coloniais: transmodernidade, pensamento de fronteira e colonialidade global. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, Coimbra, n. 80, pp. 115-147, mar. 2008. https://doi.org/10.4000/rccs.697.
HANLEY, Sean; VACHUDOVA, Milada Anna. Understanding the illiberal turn: democratic backsliding in the Czech Republic. East European Politics, [S.I.], v. 34, n. 3, pp. 276-296, jul. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1493457.
HUMPHREYS, M.; WEINSTEIN, J. Policing Politicians: Citizen Empowerment and Political Accountability in Uganda. Policy Brief, Londres, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/policing-politicians-citizen-empowerment-and-political-accountability-in-uganda-policy-brief#citation. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2020.
HOFFMANN, Fábio; LINHARES, Bruna de Freitas. Cultura Política e Crise Democrática. Revista Cadernos de Campo, Araraquara, n. 25, pp. 19-23, jul./dez. 2018. Disponível em: <https://periodicos.fclar.unesp.br/cadernos/article/view/12375>. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2021.
HUNTINGTON, Samuel. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. 2ª ed. Norman/London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
HUQ, Aziz; GINSBURG, Tom. How to Lose a Constitutional Democracy. UCLA Law Review, Los Angeles, n. 65, jan. 2017. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2901776.
IDEA. Populist government and democracy: An impact assessment using the Global State of Democracy Indices. The Global State of Democracy In Focus, Estocolmo, v. 9, fev. 2020. https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.3
IDEA. The Global State of Democracy 2019: Addressing the Ills, Reviving the Promise. IDEA Reports, Estocolmo, 2019. https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2019.31.
IDEA. The Global State of Democracy 2017: Exploring Democracy's Resilience. IDEA Reports, Estocolmo, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/global-state-democracy-exploring-democracys-resilience. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2020.
IUSMEN, Ingi. EU Leverage and Democratic Backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe: the Case of Romania. Journal of Common Market Studies, Londres, v. 53, n. 3, p. 593-608, mai. 2015. DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12193. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12193.
KAUFMAN, Robert R.; HAGGARD, Stephan. Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding? Perspectives on Politics, Cambridge, v. 17, n. 2, pp. 417-432, jun. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592718003377.
KHAITAN, Tarunabh. Executive Aggrandizement in Established Democracies: A Crisis of Liberal Democratic Constitutionalism. International Journal of Constitutional Law, Nova Iorque, n. 17, pp. 342-356, mai. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz018.
LATINOBARÔMETRO. Informe de Prensa 2018. Buenos Aires: Corporación Latinobarómetro, 2018. Disponível em: <https://basedosdados.org/dataset/latinobarometro>. Acesso em: 3 jun. 2020.
LEVITSKY, Steven; ZIBLATT, Daniel. This is how democracies die. The Guardian, Londres, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2018/jan/21/this-is-how-democracies-die. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2020.
LEVITZ, Philip; POP-ELECHES, Grigore. Why No Backsliding? The EU's Impact on Democracy and Governance Before and After Accession. Comparative Political Studies, Thousand Oaks, v. 43, n. 4, abr. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414009355266.
LÜHRMANN, Anna; WILSON, Matthew. One-third of the world's population lives in a declining democracy. That includes the United States. The Washington Post, Washington, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/07/03/one-third-of-the-worlds-population-lives-in-a-declining-democracy-that-includes-americans/. Acesso em: 08 jun. 2020.
MARSHALL, Monty G.; GURR, Ted R. Polity5 Project, Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018. In: Center for Systemic Peace. Systemic peace, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2020.
MARSHALL, Monty G.; MARSHALL, Donna Ramsey. Coup d'Etat Events 1946-2018. Vienna: Center for Systemic Peace, Vienna, 2019. Disponível em: http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/CSPCoupsCodebook2018.pdf. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2020.
MECHKOVA, Valeriya; LÜHRMANN, Anna; LINDBERG, Staffan I. How Much Democratic Backsliding? Journal of Democracy, Washington, v. 28, n. 4, pp. 162-169, out. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0075.
MEYERROSE, Anna M. The Unintended Consequences of Democracy Promotion: International Organizations and Democratic Backsliding. Comparative Political Studies, Thousand Oaks, pp. 1-35, jan. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019897689.
MISHLER, William; ROSE, Richard. Political Support for Incomplete Democracies: Realist vs. Idealist Theories and Measures. International Political Science Review, Newbury Park, n. 22, pp. 303-320, out. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512101022004002.
MOISÉS, José A. A desconfiança nas Instituições Democráticas. Opinião Pública, Campinas, n. 11, pp. 33-63, mar. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-62762005000100002.
MOLINA, Federico Rivas. El apoyo a la democracia en América Latina cae por quinto año consecutivo, según Latinobarómetro. El Pais, Argentina, 27 out. 2017. Disponível em: https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/10/27/america/1509131521_010672.html. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2021.
NORRIS, Pippa. Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks. The Journal of Democracy, [S.I.], abr. 2017. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2933655.
O'DONNELL, Guillermo; SCHMITTER, Phillipe; WHITEHEAD, Laurence (ed.). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule/Prospects for Democracy. 1ª ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
OTAOLA, Miguel. Democracy in Latin America? An Assesment. Razón y Palabra, Quito, n. 70, pp. 1-12, nov. 2009.
PEREIRA, Antonio Kevan Brandão. Teoria Democrática Contemporânea: o conceito de poliarquia na obra de Robert Dahl. 2013. 107f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. Disponível em: http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8685. Acesso em: 03 de jul. 2021.
PERELLÓ, Lucas; NAVIA, Patricio. Changes in support for Nicaragua's Sandinista National Liberation Front during democratic backsliding. Politics: SAGE journals, Thousand Oaks, v. 40, n. 4, pp. 1-17, nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395720961999.
POLYAKOVA, Alina; KENEALY, Andrew; EISEN, Norman; CORKE, Susan; TAUSSIG, Torrey. The Democracy Playbook: Preventing and Reversing Democratic Backsliding. Governance Studies at Brookings, nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/The-Democracy-Playbook_Preventing-and-Reversing-Democratic-Backsliding.pdf. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2020.
POWELL, Jonathan M.; THYNE, Clayton L. Global instances of coups from 1950 to 2010: A new dataser. Journal of Peace Research, Oslo, n. 48, pp. 249-259, mar. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343310397436.
QUIJANO, Aníbal. Colonialidade, poder, globalização e democracia. Novos Rumos, Marília, ano 17, n. 47, pp. 4-28, 2002. https://doi.org/10.36311/0102-5864.17.v0n37.2192.
RAKNER, Lise. Breaking BAD: Understanding Backlash Against Democracy in Africa. CMI Insight, Bergen, 2018. Disponível em: www.cmi.no/publications/6518-breaking-bad-understandingbacklash-against. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2020.
RAPOPORT, Mario; LAUFER, Rubén. Os Estados Unidos diante do Brasil e da Argentina: os golpes militares da década de 1960. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, v. 43, n. 1, pp. 69-98, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292000000100004.
RIBEIRO, Ednaldo A. Confiança Política na América Latina: Evolução Recente e Determinantes Individuais. Revista de Sociologia e Política, Curitiba, n. 39, pp. 167-182, jun. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-44782011000200012.
RUNCIMAN, David. Como a democracia chega ao fim. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Todavia, 2018.
SANTISO, Javier. La Démocratie Incertaine: la Théorie des Choix Rationnels et la Démocratisation en Amérique Latine. Revue Française de Science Politique, Paris, n. 43, pp. 970-993, dez. 1993. https://doi.org/10.3406/rfsp.1993.394795.
SANTOS, Anderson C. dos. Condições Estruturais Para uma Democracia mais Participativa: Leitura dos Dados do Latinobarômetro (1995-2017). Revista NAU Social, Salvador, n. 19, pp. 171-189, nov. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ns.v10i19.33929.
SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; MENDES, José Manuel (org.). Demodiversidade: imaginar novas possibilidades democráticas. 1. ed. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica Editora, 2018.
SCHLIPPHAK, Bernd; TREIB, Oliver. Playing the blame game on Brussels: the domestic political effects of EU interventions against democratic backsliding. Journal of European Public Policy, [S.I.], v. 24, n. 3, pp. 352-365, set. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1229359.
SEDELMEIER, Ulrich. Anchoring Democracy from Above? The European Union and Democratic Backsliding in Hungary and Romania after Accession. Journal of Common Market Studies, Londres, v. 52, n. 1, pp. 105-121, jan. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12082.
SEDELMEIER, Ulrich. Political safeguards against democratic backsliding in the EU: the limits of material sanctions and the scope of social pressure. Journal of European Public Policy, [S.I.], v. 24, n. 3, pp. 337-351, set. 2016a. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1229358.
SEDELMEIER, Ulrich. Protecting Democracy inside the European Union? The Party Politics of Sanctioning Democratic Backsliding in the European Parliament. MAXCAP Working Paper Series, Berlim, n. 27, jul. 2016b.
SENA, Barbara Bianca; OLIVEIRA, Flavia Cristina Gomes de. Qualificação e consolidação da democracia: breves reflexões. Boletim Economia Empírica, Brasília, v. 1, n. 6, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.portaldeperiodicos.idp.edu.br/bee/article/view/5534/2224. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2021.
SIMPSER, Alberto; DONNO, Daniela. Can International Election Monitoring Harm Governance? Journal of Politics, Chicago, n. 74, pp. 501-513, out. 2012. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2047555.
SKINNER, Quentin. The Empirical Theorists of Democracy and Their Critics: A Plague on Both Their Houses. Political Theory, Thousand Oaks, vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 287-306, ago. 1973. https://doi.org/10.1177/009059177300100302.
STANLEY, Ben. Backsliding Away? The Quality of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Contemporary European Research, [S.I.], v. 15, n. 4, pp. 343-353, dez. 2019. https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v15i4.1122.
SUPIOT, Alain. Homo juridicus: Ensaio sobre a função antropológica do Direito. 1ª ed. São Paulo: WMF Martins Fontes, 2007.
TANSEL, Cemal Burak. Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Democratic Backsliding in Turkey: Beyond the Narratives of Progress. South European Society and Politics, [S.I.], v. 23, n. 2, pp. 197-217, jun. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1479945.
TREISMAN, Daniel. Is Democracy in Danger? A Quick Look at the Data. In: DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDING AND ELECTORAL AUTHORITARIANISM, 2018a, New Haven, Unpublished manuscript. Disponível em: https://www.danieltreisman.org/s/draft-june-7-58s2.pdf.
TREISMAN, Daniel. Is democracy really in danger? The picture is not as dire as you think. The Washington Post, Washington, 2018b. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/06/19/is-democracy-really-in-danger-the-picture-is-not-as-dire-as-you-think/. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2020.
VITULLO, Gabriel Eduardo. Transitologia, consolidologia e democracia na América Latina: uma revisão crítica. Revista de Sociologia e Política, Curitiba, n. 17, pp. 53-60, nov. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782001000200006.
WALDNER, David; LUST, Ellen. Theories of Democratic Change, Phase I: Theories of Democratic Backsliding. U.S. Agency for International Development, [S.I.], abr./mai. 2015a.
WALDNER, David; LUST, Ellen. Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding. Annual Review of Political Science, Yale, v. 21, p. 93-113, mai. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628.
WALDNER, David; LUST, Ellen. Unwelcome Change: Understanding, Evaluating, and Extending Theories of Democratic Backsliding. U.S. Agency for International Development, [S.I.], jun. 2015b.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
A submissão de artigos para publicação na Revista Direito, Estado e Sociedade implica a concordância dos autores com os seguintes termos:
1. O(s) autor(es) autoriza(m) a publicação do texto em número da Revista;
2. O(s) autor(es) asseguram que o texto submetido é original e inédito e que não está em processo de avaliação em outra(s) revista(s);
3. O(s) autor(es) assumem inteira responsabilidade pelas opiniões, ideias e conceitos sustentados nos textos;
4. O(s) autor(es) concedem aos editores o direito de realizar ajustes textuais e de adequação ao padrão de publicação da Revista;
5. Permite-se a reprodução total ou parcial dos trabalhos, desde que explicitamente citada a fonte.
